Modernist artist and influential educator who served as director of the Casablanca School of Fine Arts from 1962 to 1974. His paintings on leather and metal incorporated traditional Berber motifs with contemporary forms, establishing him as a pioneer in decolonizing Moroccan art and a founding figure of the Casablanca School movement. His works are held by the Tate, Centre Pompidou, and Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art.